Includes bibliographical references.

Foreword xix -- Preface xxi -- About the Author xxiii -- 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES 1 -- 1.1 Electrical Arcs 2 -- 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety 4 -- 1.3 Time Motion Studies 5 -- 1.4 Arc Flash Hazards 6 -- 1.5 Arc Blast 6 -- 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard 9 -- 1.7 Fire Hazard 14 -- 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis 15 -- 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment 23 -- 1.10 Hazard Boundaries 24 -- 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary 26 -- 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults 29 -- 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps 30 -- 1.14 Examples of Calculations 32 -- 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard 36 -- 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER 40 -- 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes 41 -- 2.2 Prevention through Design 43 -- 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards 44 -- 2.4 Electrical Hazards 45 -- 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture 48 -- 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems 48 -- 2.7 Reliability Analysis 50 -- 2.8 Maintenance and Operation 53 -- 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System 55 -- 3 CRITIQUE OF IEEE GUIDE 1584 ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS 60 -- 3.1 Variations of Arcing Currents 60 -- 3.2 Gap between Electrodes 62 -- 3.3 Variations of Incident Energy 64 -- 3.4 Some Anomalies in IEEE Equations 64 -- 3.5 Lee's Arc Model 66 -- 3.6 IEEE Experimental Model Setup 68 -- 3.7 Electrical Arc Burn Hazard 70 -- 3.8 Effect of Insulating Barriers 72 -- 3.9 Arc Flash Test Models 76 -- 3.10 Alternate Equations 77 -- 3.11 Further Testing and Research 78 -- 3.12 Effectiveness of PPE Calculated Based on IEEE 1584 Guide 79 -- 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING 82 -- 4.1 System and Equipment Grounding 82 -- 4.2 Low Resistance Grounding 87 -- 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems 87 -- 4.4 Ungrounded Systems 94 -- 4.5 Reactance Grounding 95 -- 4.6 Resonant Grounding 95 -- 4.7 Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems 95 -- 4.8 Surge Arresters 96 -- 4.9 Artifi cially Derived Neutrals 97.

4.10 Multiple Grounded Systems 100 -- 4.11 Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems 100 -- 4.12 Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems 105 -- 4.13 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems 114 -- 4.14 Monitoring of Grounding Resistors 123 -- 4.15 Selection of Grounding Systems 124 -- 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS 128 -- 5.1 Types of Calculations 129 -- 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers 130 -- 5.3 Low-Voltage Motors 133 -- 5.4 Rotating Machine Model 134 -- 5.5 Calculation Methods 134 -- 5.6 Network Reduction 138 -- 5.7 Calculation Procedure 138 -- 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents 141 -- 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results 141 -- 5.10 Examples of Calculations 144 -- 5.11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents 159 -- 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents 160 -- 5.13 Computer Methods 169 -- 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS 176 -- 6.1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element 176 -- 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay 179 -- 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine 180 -- 6.4 Saturation of Reactances 182 -- 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines 182 -- 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit 183 -- 6.7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers 192 -- 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors 192 -- 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents 195 -- 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING 203 -- 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations 203 -- 7.2 Classifi cation of Relay Types 207 -- 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems 207 -- 7.4 Overcurrent Protection 209 -- 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 216 -- 7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 228 -- 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings 233 -- 7.8 Fuses 234 -- 7.9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction 239 -- 7.10 Conductor Protection 244.

7.11 Motor Protection 250 -- 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection 259 -- 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS 266 -- 8.1 Overlapping the Zones of Protection 268 -- 8.2 Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction 270 -- 8.3 Bus Differential Schemes 272 -- 8.4 High Impedance Differential Relays 276 -- 8.5 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays 280 -- 8.6 Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays 285 -- 8.7 Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays 288 -- 8.8 Pilot Wire Protection 295 -- 8.9 Modern Line Current Differential Protection 296 -- 8.10 Examples of Arc Flash Reduction with Differential Relays 301 -- 9 ARC FAULT DETECTION RELAYS 306 -- 9.1 Principle of Operation 307 -- 9.2 Light Intensity 307 -- 9.3 Light Sensor Types 308 -- 9.4 Other Hardware 313 -- 9.5 Selective Tripping 314 -- 9.6 Supervision with Current Elements 316 -- 9.7 Applications 316 -- 9.8 Examples of Calculation 318 -- 9.9 Arc Vault Protection for Low Voltage Systems 318 -- 10 OVERCURRENT COORDINATION 326 -- 10.1 Standards and Requirements 327 -- 10.2 Data for the Coordination Study 327 -- 10.3 Computer-Based Coordination 329 -- 10.4 Initial Analysis 329 -- 10.5 Coordinating Time Interval 330 -- 10.6 Fundamental Considerations for Coordination 330 -- 10.7 Coordination on Instantaneous Basis 332 -- 10.8 NEC Requirements of Selectivity 343 -- 10.9 Energy Boundary Curves 346 -- 10.10 The Art of Compromise 353 -- 11 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 365 -- 11.1 NEC Requirements 365 -- 11.2 Arc Flash Considerations 367 -- 11.3 System Confi gurations of Transformer Connections 368 -- 11.4 Through Fault Current Withstand Capability 373 -- 11.5 Constructing the Through Fault Curve Analytically 381 -- 11.6 Transformer Primary Fuse Protection 382 -- 11.7 Overcurrent Relays for Transformer Primary Protection 384 -- 11.8 Listing Requirements 386 -- 11.9 Effect of Transformer Winding Connections 390 -- 11.10 Requirements of Ground Fault Protection 392 -- 11.11 Through Fault Protection 392 -- 11.12 Overall Transformer Protection 394.

11.13 A Practical Study for Arc Flash Reduction 395 -- 12 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 413 -- 12.1 Accuracy Classification of CTs 414 -- 12.2 Constructional Features of CTs 416 -- 12.3 Secondary Terminal Voltage Rating 418 -- 12.4 CT Ratio and Phase Angle Errors 419 -- 12.5 Interrelation of CT Ratio and C Class Accuracy 422 -- 12.6 Polarity of Instrument Transformers 424 -- 12.7 Application Considerations 425 -- 12.8 Series and Parallel Connections of CTs 432 -- 12.9 Transient Performance of the CTs 432 -- 12.10 Practicality of Application 435 -- 12.11 CTs for Low Resistance-Grounded Medium Voltage Systems 437 -- 12.12 Future Directions 437 -- 13 ARC-RESISTANT EQUIPMENT 442 -- 13.1 Calculations of Arc Flash Hazard in Arc-Resistant Equipment 443 -- 13.2 Qualifi cations in IEEE Guide 444 -- 13.3 Accessibility Types 445 -- 13.4 IEC Accessibility Types 446 -- 13.5 Arc-Resistant Ratings 447 -- 13.6 Testing According to IEEE Guide 451 -- 13.7 Pressure Relief 453 -- 13.8 Venting and Plenums 455 -- 13.9 Cable Entries 457 -- 14 RECENT TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS 461 -- 14.1 Statistical Data of Arc Flash Hazards 461 -- 14.2 Zone-Selective Interlocking 463 -- 14.3 Microprocessor-Based Low Voltage Switchgear 473 -- 14.4 Low Voltage Motor Control Centers 477 -- 14.5 Maintenance Mode Switch 485 -- 14.6 Infrared Windows and Sight Glasses 487 -- 14.7 Fault Current Limiters 490 -- 14.8 Partial Discharge Measurements 494 -- 15 ARC FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS IN DC SYSTEMS 503 -- 15.1 Calculations of the Short-Circuit Currents in DC Systems 504 -- 15.2 Sources of DC Short-Circuit Currents 504 -- 15.3 IEC Calculation Procedures 505 -- 15.4 Short Circuit of a Lead Acid Battery 508 -- 15.5 Short Circuit of DC Motors and Generators 512 -- 15.6 Short-Circuit Current of a Rectifier 517 -- 15.7 Short Circuit of a Charged Capacitor 522 -- 15.8 Total Short-Circuit Current 523 -- 15.9 DC Circuit Breakers and Fuses 524 -- 15.10 Arcing in DC Systems 527 -- 15.11 Equations for Calculation of Incident Energy in DC Systems 532.

15.12 Protection of the Semiconductor Devices 534 -- 16 APPLICATION OF ETHERNET AND IEC 61850 COMMUNICATIONS 540 -- 16.1 IEC 61850 Protocol 541 -- 16.2 Modern IEDs 542 -- 16.3 Substation Architecture 543 -- 16.4 IEC 61850 Communication Structure 544 -- 16.5 Logical Nodes 546 -- 16.6 Ethernet Connection 546 -- 16.7 Networking Media 550 -- 16.8 Network Topologies 552 -- 16.9 Application to Arc Flash Relaying and Communications 556 -- Review Questions 556 -- References 556 -- Appendix A Statistics and Probability Applied to Electrical Engineering 558 -- A.1 Mean Mode and Median 558 -- A.2 Mean and Standard Deviation 559 -- A.3 Skewness and Kurtosis 560 -- A.4 Normal or Gaussian Distribution 561 -- A.5 Curve Fitting: Least Square Line 563 -- References 566 -- Appendix B Tables for Quick Estimation of Incident Energy and PPE in Electrical Systems 567 -- Index 605.

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Up-to-date analysis methodologies and practical mitigation for a major electrical safety concernArc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation is the first book to focus specifically on arc flash hazards and provide the latest methodologies for its analysis as well as practical mitigation techniques.Consisting of sixteen chapters, this fully up-to-date handbook covers all aspects of arc flash hazard calculations and mitigation. It addresses the calculations of short circuits, protective relaying, and varied electrical systems configurations in electrical power systems. It also examines protection systems, including differential relays, arc flash sensing relays, protective relaying coordination, current transformer operation and saturation, and applications to major electrical equipment from the arc flash point of view. Current technologies and strategies for arc flash mitigation are explored. Using the methodology, analysis, and preventive measures discussed in the book, the arc flash hazard incident energy can be reduced to 8 cal/cm2 or less for the new and existing electrical distribution systems.This powerful resource:. Features the most up-to-date arc flash analysis methodologies. Presents arc flash hazard calculations in dc systems. Supplies practical examples and case studies. Provides end-of-chapter reviews and questions. Includes a Foreword written by Lanny Floyd, a world-renowned leader in electrical safety who is DuPont's Principal Consultant on Electrical Safety and TechnologyArc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation is a must-have guide for electrical engineers engaged in design, operation, and maintenance, consulting engineers, facility managers, and safety professionals.

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