| 000 | 11554nam a2200937 i 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | 6798071 | ||
| 003 | IEEE | ||
| 005 | 20191218152125.0 | ||
| 006 | m o d | ||
| 007 | cr |n||||||||| | ||
| 008 | 151222s2014 njua ob 001 eng d | ||
| 010 | _z 2013047869 (print) | ||
| 020 |
_a9781118852606 _qelectronic |
||
| 020 |
_z9781118542668 _qhardback |
||
| 024 | 7 |
_a10.1002/9781118852606 _2doi |
|
| 035 | _a(CaBNVSL)mat06798071 | ||
| 035 | _a(IDAMS)0b000064821b2e75 | ||
| 040 |
_aCaBNVSL _beng _erda _cCaBNVSL _dCaBNVSL |
||
| 050 | 4 |
_aTP248.B55 _bA48 2014eb |
|
| 082 | 0 | 0 |
_a662/.88 _223 |
| 100 | 1 |
_aAltawell, Najib, _eauthor. |
|
| 245 | 1 | 4 |
_aThe selection process of biomass materials for the production of bio-fuels and co-firing / _cNajib Altawell. |
| 264 | 1 |
_aHoboken, New Jersey : _bIEEE/Wiley, _c[2014] |
|
| 264 | 2 |
_a[Piscataqay, New Jersey] : _bIEEE Xplore, _c[2014] |
|
| 300 |
_a1 PDF (xxi, 351 pages) : _billustrations. |
||
| 336 |
_atext _2rdacontent |
||
| 337 |
_aelectronic _2isbdmedia |
||
| 338 |
_aonline resource _2rdacarrier |
||
| 490 | 1 | _aIEEE press series on power engineering | |
| 500 | _aIncludes index. | ||
| 504 | _aIncludes bibliographical references and index. | ||
| 505 | 0 | _aPreface xv -- Acknowledgments xvii -- Abbreviations xix -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Why This Book? / 1 -- 1.2 The Book Structure / 2 -- 1.2.1 Introduction / 2 -- 1.2.2 Structure / 3 -- 1.3 Energy Utilization / 5 -- 1.4 The Need for Effective Biomass Utilization / 7 -- 1.5 Renewable Energy Impact on Biomass Economy / 7 -- 1.6 Summary / 9 -- References / 10 -- 2 Background 13 -- 2.1 Renewable Energy: A Brief Outlook / 13 -- 2.1.1 Introduction / 13 -- 2.1.2 Old Graphs / 15 -- 2.2 Wind / 16 -- 2.3 Water / 17 -- 2.4 Geothermal / 17 -- 2.5 Solar / 19 -- 2.5.1 Solar Cells / 20 -- 2.5.2 Solar Water Heating / 20 -- 2.5.3 Solar Furnaces / 20 -- 2.6 Biomass / 21 -- 2.7 Biomass as a Source of Energy / 24 -- 2.7.1 Energy Crops / 27 -- 2.7.2 Examples of Energy Crops / 29 -- 2.7.3 Biomass Utilization / 30 -- 2.7.4 Biomass and Coal Components / 31 -- 2.7.5 Types of Energy Crop Needed / 32 -- 2.7.6 Biomass Energy Infl uencing Factors / 33 -- 2.7.7 Characteristics/Co-fi ring Properties and Testing Method / 35 -- 2.8 Biomass Applications / 36 -- 2.8.1 Bio-fuels / 36 -- 2.8.2 Electricity Generation / 37 -- 2.8.3 Heat, Steam, and CHP / 37 -- 2.8.4 Combustible Gas / 38 -- 2.8.5 Additional Bio-energy Technologies / 41 -- 2.9 Co-fi ring / 42 -- 2.9.1 Barriers for Biomass Co-firing / 43 -- 2.9.2 Additional Challenges for Co-firing / 44 -- 2.9.3 Further Advancement in Co-firing Engineering / 44 -- 2.9.4 Promoting Co-firing / 45 -- 2.10 System Engineering / 46 -- 2.11 Biomass Conversion Systems / 48 -- 2.12 Energy Crops Scheme (U.K.) / 49 -- 2.13 Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) (U.K.) / 52 -- 2.14 Climate Change Levy Exemption Certificate (LEC) (U.K.) / 52 -- 2.15 Conclusion / 53 -- References / 56 -- 3 Co-firing Issues 61 -- 3.1 Technical and Engineering Issues / 61 -- 3.1.1 Introduction / 61 -- 3.1.2 Hardware and Biomass Materials / 62 -- 3.2 Technical and Hardware Issues / 62 -- 3.3 Milling / 65 -- 3.4 Fuel Mixing / 66 -- 3.5 The Combustion System / 71 -- 3.5.1 Boilers / 71 -- 3.6 By-products / 75. | |
| 505 | 8 | _a3.6.1 Ash Formation and Deposition / 75 -- 3.7 Degradation / 76 -- 3.8 Conclusion / 77 -- References / 80 -- 4 Samples 83 -- 4.1 Selected Samples / 83 -- 4.1.1 Introduction / 83 -- 4.2 Samples General Descriptions / 84 -- 4.2.1 The Reference Samples / 84 -- 4.3 Main Samples / 91 -- 4.3.1 Introduction / 91 -- 4.3.2 Crops Basic Composition / 92 -- 4.3.3 Crops and Oil Sources / 93 -- 4.3.4 Oil Quality and Standard / 94 -- 4.3.5 Crops Photosynthesis / 94 -- 4.3.6 Energy Crops Environmental Effect / 95 -- 4.3.7 Corn (Zea mays L.) / 96 -- 4.3.8 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) / 103 -- 4.3.9 Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) / 108 -- 4.3.10 Rice (Oryza sativa) / 115 -- 4.3.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp.) / 121 -- 4.3.12 Sunfl ower (Helianthus annuus) / 126 -- 4.3.13 Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica) / 134 -- 4.3.14 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) / 141 -- 4.4 Conclusion / 147 -- 4.4.1 Samples Selection / 148 -- 4.4.2 The Next Step / 150 -- References / 151 -- 5 Methodology: Part 1 161 -- 5.1 Methodology Approach / 161 -- 5.1.1 Introduction / 161 -- 5.2 The Pyramid / 162 -- 5.3 The Decision Tree / 164 -- 5.3.1 Steps for the Biomass Fuel / 164 -- 5.3.2 Three Numbers / 165 -- 5.4 Methodology Terms and Defi nition for BF and S&T / 166 -- 5.4.1 BF / 166 -- 5.4.2 S&T / 166 -- 5.5 BF and S&T Data / 166 -- 5.5.1 Why Are Data for the BF and S&T Needed? / 166 -- 5.5.2 How Are Data for the BF Obtained? / 168 -- 5.5.3 How Are Data for the S&T Obtained? / 170 -- 5.6 Scoring System / 170 -- 5.6.1 The Method / 170 -- 5.6.2 Calculating the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Positive Mode / 172 -- 5.6.3 Calculating the Score When the Reference Sample Is Set in a Negative Mode / 172 -- 5.6.4 Boundaries for S&T / 174 -- 5.6.5 Boundaries for BF / 174 -- 5.6.6 Reference Sample Boundaries / 174 -- 5.6.7 Biomass Boundaries / 175 -- 5.6.8 Scoring Plan for BF / 176 -- 5.7 Methodology Survey / 177 -- 5.8 The Survey Method / 178 -- 5.8.1 Aim / 178 -- 5.8.2 Objective / 178 -- 5.8.3 What Is the Survey Looking For? / 178. | |
| 505 | 8 | _a5.8.4 Survey Methodology / 178 -- 5.8.5 Mode / 179 -- 5.8.6 Mode Effect / 179 -- 5.8.7 Questionnaire Design / 179 -- 5.8.8 Sample Design / 179 -- 5.8.9 Sample Size / 180 -- 5.8.10 Pretesting and Piloting / 180 -- 5.8.11 Reducing and Dealing with Nonresponse / 180 -- 5.9 Conclusion / 181 -- References / 183 -- 6 Methodology: Part 2 185 -- 6.1 Introduction / 185 -- 6.1.1 Biomass Samples and Methodology / 186 -- 6.2 S&T Values Analysis / 186 -- 6.3 S&T Factor Evaluations / 187 -- 6.3.1 Energy Factor (EF) / 187 -- 6.3.2 Combustion Index Factor (CIF) / 190 -- 6.3.3 Volatile Matter Factor (VMF) / 193 -- 6.3.4 Moisture Factor (MF) / 195 -- 6.3.5 Ash Factor (AF) / 196 -- 6.3.6 Density Factor (DF) / 199 -- 6.3.7 Nitrogen Emission (Nx) Factor (NEF) / 201 -- 6.4 S&T Allocation Results / 203 -- 6.4.1 Introduction / 203 -- 6.4.2 The Priority List / 204 -- 6.5 Conclusion / 206 -- References / 208 -- 7 Methodology: Part 3 211 -- 7.1 BF Percentage Value Selection / 211 -- 7.1.1 Introduction / 211 -- 7.1.2 BF Subjective and Objective Factors / 212 -- 7.1.3 Percentage Allocation for BF / 212 -- 7.1.4 BF Values and Headlines / 213 -- 7.1.5 Biomass Energy Commercialization and BF / 213 -- 7.2 BF Values Analysis / 215 -- 7.3 BF Evaluations / 216 -- 7.3.1 System Factor (SF) / 217 -- 7.3.2 Approach Factor (AF) / 218 -- 7.3.3 Baseline Methodology Factor (BMF) / 219 -- 7.3.4 Business Viability Factor (BVF) / 219 -- 7.3.5 Applicability Factor (APF) / 220 -- 7.3.6 Land and Water Issues Factor (LWIF) / 223 -- 7.3.7 Supply Factor (SUF) / 224 -- 7.3.8 Quality Factor (QF) / 225 -- 7.3.9 Emission Factor / 226 -- 7.4 BF Data / 228 -- 7.4.1 Introduction / 228 -- 7.4.2 The Priority List / 230 -- 7.5 Conclusion / 235 -- References / 237 -- 8 Results: Part 1 239 -- 8.1 Statistical Data and Errors / 239 -- 8.1.1 Introduction / 239 -- 8.2 Methodology Level Value (Boundary Level Scoring Value) / 241 -- 8.3 Calculating Standard Deviation and Relative Error / 242 -- 8.3.1 S&T Factors / 243 -- 8.3.2 Business Factors (BF) / 246. | |
| 505 | 8 | _a8.3.3 Methodology Standard Deviation for S&T / 249 -- 8.3.4 Methodology Standard Deviation for BF / 250 -- 8.3.5 Methodology Standard Deviation / 251 -- 8.4 Analysis / 251 -- 8.5 Conclusion / 255 -- References / 257 -- 9 Results: Part 2 259 -- 9.1 Data and Methodology Application / 259 -- 9.1.1 Introduction / 259 -- 9.2 Tests / 260 -- 9.2.1 Experimental Tests / 260 -- 9.3 S&T Samples Data and Reports (Results) / 265 -- 9.3.1 Fossil Fuel / 265 -- 9.3.2 Biomass Materials / 266 -- 9.4 BF Samples Reports Examples (Results) / 277 -- 9.4.1 Coal BF Data (Altawell, GSTF, 2012) / 277 -- 9.4.2 Rapeseed BF Report / 278 -- 9.4.3 Black Sunfl ower Seed BF Report / 278 -- 9.4.4 Niger Seed BF Report / 279 -- 9.4.5 Apple Pruning BF Report / 280 -- 9.4.6 Striped Sunfl ower Seed BF Report / 281 -- 9.5 The Final Biomass Samples / 282 -- 9.5.1 S&T Results / 282 -- 9.5.2 BF Results / 284 -- 9.6 Samples Final Fitness / 285 -- 9.7 Discussion and Analysis / 289 -- 9.8 Conclusion / 294 -- References / 296 -- 10 Economic Factors 297 -- 10.1 Biomass Fuel Economic Factors and SFS / 297 -- 10.1.1 Introduction / 297 -- 10.2 Economic Factors / 298 -- 10.3 Biomass Business / 300 -- 10.3.1 Step 1 / 300 -- 10.3.2 Step 2 / 301 -- 10.3.3 Step 3 / 302 -- 10.3.4 Step 4 / 304 -- 10.4 Biomass Fuel Supply Chain / 305 -- 10.5 The Demand for a New Biomass Fuel / 306 -- 10.6 The SFS Economic Value Scenario / 307 -- 10.7 Discussion / 308 -- 10.8 Conclusion / 310 -- References / 312 -- 11 Conclusion 315 -- 11.1 General Conclusion / 315 -- 11.2 Methodology (REA1) and Applications / 316 -- 11.3 Why Biomass? / 316 -- 11.4 Co-firing and Power Generating / 318 -- 11.5 The New Biomass Fuel (SFS) / 318 -- 11.6 The Future of Co-fi ring and Biomass Energy / 319 -- 11.7 Final Results and Final Conclusion / 320 -- 11.8 Positive Outlook / 320 -- 11.9 What Next? / 321 -- References / 321 -- Index 323. | |
| 506 | 1 | _aRestricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers. | |
| 520 |
_a"Beginning first with the fundamentals of biofuel and co-firing, this essential resource then moves into coverage of the methodology that assists energy scientists and engineers to arrive at optimal biomass materials that are tailored to each company's business and economic environments. Coverage provides vital, ample, accurate, and detailed data of a number of energy crops and their uses by scientists. The unique approach includes not only technical and scientific factors, but also business factors such as environmental and human health factors for using biofuel and co-firing"-- _cProvided by publisher. |
||
| 520 |
_a"This book provides in full detailed examination and analysis for a number of energy crops and their use as a source for generating electricity and for the production of biofuels"-- _cProvided by publisher. |
||
| 530 | _aAlso available in print. | ||
| 538 | _aMode of access: World Wide Web | ||
| 588 | _aDescription based on PDF viewed 12/22/2015. | ||
| 650 | 0 | _aBiomass chemicals. | |
| 650 | 0 | _aRenewable energy sources. | |
| 655 | 0 | _aElectronic books. | |
| 695 | _aAccuracy | ||
| 695 | _aAgriculture | ||
| 695 | _aAsh | ||
| 695 | _aBiological system modeling | ||
| 695 | _aBiomass | ||
| 695 | _aBoilers | ||
| 695 | _aBusiness | ||
| 695 | _aCoal | ||
| 695 | _aCombustion | ||
| 695 | _aCompanies | ||
| 695 | _aCost accounting | ||
| 695 | _aData models | ||
| 695 | _aDecision trees | ||
| 695 | _aEconomics | ||
| 695 | _aElectricity | ||
| 695 | _aFossil fuels | ||
| 695 | _aFuels | ||
| 695 | _aHardware | ||
| 695 | _aHeating | ||
| 695 | _aHydroelectric power generation | ||
| 695 | _aInvestment | ||
| 695 | _aMaterials | ||
| 695 | _aMilling | ||
| 695 | _aProduction | ||
| 695 | _aResource management | ||
| 695 | _aSociology | ||
| 695 | _aStandards | ||
| 695 | _aStatistics | ||
| 695 | _aTesting | ||
| 695 | _aWind energy | ||
| 695 | _aWind turbines | ||
| 710 | 2 |
_aIEEE Xplore (Online Service), _edistributor. |
|
| 710 | 2 |
_aWiley, _epublisher. |
|
| 776 | 0 | 8 |
_iPrint version _z9781118542668 |
| 830 | 0 | _aIEEE press series on power engineering | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 |
_3Abstract with links to resource _uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/bkabstractplus.jsp?bkn=6798071 |
| 999 |
_c42518 _d42518 |
||